ISO 26262 車輛功能安全

在車用電子的世界,「會不會壞」不是問題的全部——「壞掉時會不會傷人」才是 26262 要回答的問題。

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ISO 26262 是道路車輛功能安全的國際標準(現行第二版 2018,第三版開發中),處理電子電氣系統故障可能導致的人身危害。核心方法是 HARA(危害分析與風險評估):依嚴重度、暴露度與可控性將安全目標分級為 ASIL A–D,等級越高、開發與驗證要求越嚴。對台灣車電供應鏈的現實是:車廠與 Tier 1 在開發案啟動前就會要求供應商展示 26262 能力——安全計畫、安全案例(Safety Case)、依 ASIL 等級的開發流程證據——沒有這些,連報價資格都沒有。隨著 ADAS 與電動化讓 E/E 系統承擔越來越多安全攸關功能,26262 已從「高階件的要求」變成車用電子的普遍門檻。

ASIL 分級的商業含義

ASIL 等級直接決定開發成本與市場定位:A 級與 D 級在驗證深度、工具資格、人員能力要求上差距巨大。供應商需要的不只是「會做 26262」,而是清楚自家產品線落在哪個等級、據此建立等比例的流程——過度工程燒錢,不足則出局。

安全生命週期與組織能力

26262 要求的不是一份文件,是貫穿概念、系統、硬體、軟體、生產營運的安全生命週期,以及支撐它的組織:安全文化、安全經理職能、確認措施(confirmation measures)獨立性。積穗科研的輔導從差距分析開始,把既有開發流程升級為可通過車廠稽核的安全流程。

與 21434/ASPICE 的整合

功能安全(26262)、資安(21434)、軟體流程能力(ASPICE)是車用開發案的三件套,共用 V 模型。三者整合導入、文件骨架共用,是供應鏈廠商成本最低的合規架構——也是車廠最樂見的成熟度展示。

Who This Is For

  • 車用電子控制器與模組供應商
  • ADAS、動力系統、底盤電子相關開發商
  • 被要求提交安全計畫與 Safety Case 的一二階供應商
  • 從消費電子跨入車用、需建立功安流程的廠商

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FAQ

QISO 26262 是法規嗎?不導入會怎樣?

不是法規,是業界事實標準:車廠與 Tier 1 以它作為安全攸關零組件的採購門檻。不具備能力的直接後果是進不了開發案——這比罰款更直接。

QASIL 等級是誰決定的?

由整車層級的 HARA 決定安全目標的 ASIL,再透過系統設計分解(decomposition)下放到零組件。供應商通常承接客戶指定的 ASIL 要求,但必須有能力理解與承接對應等級的開發義務。

Q軟體團隊已照 ASPICE 運作,離 26262 多遠?

ASPICE 提供流程骨架,26262 增加安全特定要求(HARA、安全機制、依 ASIL 的驗證深度、工具資格認定等)。已有 ASPICE 成熟度的組織導入 26262 的增量明確可控,這正是整合導入的價值。

Q第三版什麼時候出?要等嗎?

ISO 官方資訊顯示第三版開發中、未公布明確時程。不必等:現行 2018 版仍是車廠稽核依據,且版次更迭為演進式,依現行版建立的制度屆時以差距分析升版即可。